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NMR spectroscopy Abstract Parvulins or rotamases form a distinct group within peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Their exact mode of action as well as the role of conserved residues in the family are still not unambiguously resolved.

The resulting ensembles are in good agreement with the experimental data but reveal important differences between the three enzymes. The largest difference can be attributed to the extent of the opening of the substrate binding cleft, along which motional mode the three molecules occupy distinct regions.

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Comparison with a wide range of other available parvulin structures highlights structural divergence along the bottom of the binding cleft acting as a hinge during the opening-closing motion. In the prototype WW-domain containing parvulin, Pin1, this region is also important in forming contacts with the WW domain known to modulate enzymatic activity of the catalytic domain.

PPIases play an important role not only in protein folding but also in the regulation of several of biological processes like chromatin remodeling, transcription and nuclear receptor signaling 1. They can be divided into three non-homologous and structurally different families, known as cyclophilins, FKBPs FK binding protein and its relativesand parvulins.

The latter, highly conserved subfamily consists of small ~10 kDa proteins that are present in both pro- and eukaryotes 2.

Their structure consists of a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet surrounded by four α-helices αβ3βαβ2, parvulin fold 3. Parvulins play key roles in many important biological processes including the cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis and protein quality control 45.

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The two main classes of parvulins are the Pin1-type and non-Pin1-type parvulins. Most of them, like their archetype Pin1, contain an N-terminal WW domain responsible for a ligand recognition and a conserved C-terminal PPIase domain with a phosphate-binding loop.

Interestingly, there are some known members of the Pin1 family that do not possess a WW domain, i. In contrast, the non-Pin1-type parvulins are single domain proteins and their isomerization mechanism is phosphorylation-independent.

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Thus, the phosphate-binding site is missing, which is the only significant structural and functional difference in the PPIase domain between the Pin1-type and non-Pin1-type parvulins. The exact Prostatitis lomit spin of action of PPIases is not yet Prostatitis lomit spin.

It is unclear whether different PPIase families or distinct members within a family exhibit similar mechanisms. However, it is generally accepted that there is no breaking and reforming of the peptide bond, thus, the bond is converted from the cis to the trans form via rotation through a twisted amide intermediate In a recent study on cyclophilin A, dynamic structural ensembles were generated using chemical shift data for a structurally heterogeneous state where both the cis and trans isomer of the ligand are present.

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Furthermore, although the active site of the parvulin-type PPIases is well-defined, the mechanistic role of the constituent residues is not yet fully clarified. The two highly conserved histidines of parvulin-type PPIases have been suggested to be important for catalysis.

However, many His mutants of Pin1 retained PPIase activity and, interestingly, the selectivity of Pin1 towards phosphorylated substrates was dependent on the identity of the replacing residues. Circular dichroism investigations together with proteolytic susceptibility data led to the suggestion that the mutations influenced Prostatitis lomit spin dynamics of Pin1 rather than causing substantial structural rearrangements Replacing the threonine with alanine in Pin1 resulted in fold decrease in catalytic activity while not compromising structural integrity The aspartate is in a position occupied by a cysteine in Pin1, also suggested to be important in catalysis earlier Detailed theoretical studies hinted that this cysteine, through changes in its protonation state, can mediate dynamic changes in this network Indeed, replacing this cysteine with alanine or serine caused the disruption of the hydrogen bond between the histidines NMR analysis of conformational exchange in Pin1 suggested a link between motional modes present in the catalytic domain and the rate of catalysis, leading to the hypothesis that the internal motions assisting catalysis are an intrinsic feature of Pin1 Ligand binding has been shown to influence the internal dynamics of Pin1, leading to more extensive contact between the PPIase and WW domains proposed to be linked to the loss of flexibility at specific conserved hydrophobic sites Specifically, chronische abakterielle prostatitis behandlung in side-chain mobility upon ligand binding highlighted the role of an internal conduit consisting of hydrophobic side-chains.

These residues are conserved in Pin1 homologs and have been suggested to play an important role in inter-domain communication Molecular dynamics studies of Pin1 revealed allosteric pathways and suggested that substrate binding by the WW domain leads to preorganization of the catalytic site The range of identified residues participating in allosteric communication extends those revealed by NMR studies of side-chain flexibility Importantly, the preorganization was identified as a closure of the loop regions surrounding the substrate-binding cleft, and the presence of the WW domain enhances the flexibility of these loops A Prostatitis lomit spin study combining NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics indicated that the WW domain undergoes structural changes upon ligand binding and these changes affect its association with the PPIase domain in full-length Pin1, a mechanism proposed to be responsible for different activity of Pin1 on ligands with single and multiple recognition sites To get Prostatitis lomit spin insights to the differences between various parvulins, we have combined molecular dynamics simulations with experimentally available backbone S2 order parameters to conduct a comparative analysis of three single-domain parvulins.

SaPrsA from Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for folding of secreted proteins. Although member Eleflox vélemények a prosztatitisekkel a different subclass, its three-dimensional structure and active site arrangement proved Prostatitis lomit spin be almost the same as for human Pin1.

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The profound knowledge of histidine protonation states of His residues was investigated in detail experimentally obtained, revealing different tautomeric states for the two conserved histidines and the presence of a hydrogen bond between their side chains 26 and this is also reflected in the corresponding PDB structure id: 2JZV. TbPin1 from Trypanosoma brucei is considered as a putative Pin1-type parvulin despite it lacks the WW domain It was shown that replacing Cys65 corresponding to Cys in Pin1 with Ala diminishes its catalytic activity, in accordance with other studies on the role of this residue see above.

In the structures deposited in PDB id: 2LJ4 both His residues are protonated and there are no hydrogen bonds between them. CsPinA from the psychrophilic archaeon Cenarchaeum symbiosum has been shown to possess an atypically large peptide-binding site.

The three investigated parvulins share a common structural core Fig. The smaller lobe, shown in the left of the figure and closer to the N-terminus, consists of a short helix and Zöldség gyümölcsök prosztatitis loop structure, whereas the larger one is formed by a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet and two helices located opposite the cleft.

The conserved histidines are located in the two central strands of the β-sheet.